This morning, with a fresh perspective, I booted in safe mode (which is hard with Asus and an SSD) and ran more software. I went into IE and unchecked the proxy option again. It stayed unchecked, but still didn't work. I then selected the option to reset Internet Explorer settings, which did the trick. I am not sure if there was/is a virus or if that raptr installation messed up the internet settings through IE somehow.
Internet is still slow, but actually getting through. The check mark still won't leave the internet settings. :(
Internet is still slow, but actually getting through. The check mark still won't leave the internet settings. :(